降水中与pH值有关的离子优选和pH值的PPR预测

应用投影寻踪回归（ＰＰＲ）分析技术的ＳＭＡＲＴ算法得到因子的权重序列,可实现对降水中与酸性ｐＨ值有关的离子的优选。实例分析结果表明,用优选出的离子作为特征因子,建立ｐＨ值的投影寻踪回归预测模型,具有较高的预测精度和较好的稳定性     

秸秆直接还田和炭化还田对红壤酸度、养分和交换性能的动态影响

为比较秸秆直接还田和炭化还田对亚热带典型红壤酸度、养分及交换性能的动态影响,试验以水稻和油菜秸秆为材料,设置7个盆栽处理:空白(CK)、水稻秸秆直接还田(R1B0)、水稻秸秆350℃炭化还田(R1B1)、水稻秸秆550℃炭化还田(R1B2)、油菜秸秆直接还田(R2B0)、油菜秸秆350℃炭化还田(R2B1)和油菜秸秆550℃炭化还田(R2B2),秸秆按1%和相应的生物质炭施入土壤,进行水稻培育试验.在水稻秧苗期、分蘖期、灌浆期和成熟期这4个时期采集土壤,分析土壤酸度、养分和交换性能的动态变化.结果表明,红壤pH、 NH~+_4-N和NO~-_3-N含量随生长期呈现减小的趋势,而有机质、CEC和各交换性盐基离子呈现增加的趋势.秸秆直接还田和炭化还田均提高土壤pH,降低交换性酸总量,同时提高有机质含量及交换性能,且作用效果随生长期增大.成熟期时秸秆炭化还田对各项指标的作用效果均好于秸秆直接还田,秸秆原料和炭化温度对各项土壤性质的影响不同,油菜秸秆生物质炭在提高土壤pH、有机质和CEC含量方面略好于水稻秸秆生物质炭.土壤酸度、养分含量和交换性能等因子的相关分析表明,土壤交换性酸与有机质呈极显著负相关关系(R=-0.912,P0.01),与CEC呈显著负相关关系(R=-0.866,P0.05),CEC和有机质呈显著正相关关系(R=0.833,P0.05),说明三者之间密切相关.研究表明,秸秆直接还田和炭化还田均可以达到改良土壤酸性和提高养分含量的效果,在等量秸秆情况下,秸秆炭化还田对阻控土壤酸化、提高有机质含量和CEC的效果比秸秆直接还田较为明显.     

Climate change and changes in global precipitation patterns: what do we know?

The objective of this paper is to synthesize the large literature recording changing patterns of precipitation in the observed data, thus indicating that climate change is already a reality. Such a synthesis is required not only for environmental researchers but also for policy makers. The key question is the broad picture at major regional and continental levels. Some interesting conclusions for this survey are emerging. For example, the review shows increased variance of precipitation everywhere. Consistent with this finding, we observe that wet areas become wetter, and dry and arid areas become more so. In addition, the following general changing pattern is emerging: (a) increased precipitation in high latitudes (Northern Hemisphere); (b) reductions in precipitation in China, Australia and the Small Island States in the Pacific; and (c) increased variance in equatorial regions. The changes in the major ocean currents also appear to be affecting precipitation patterns. For example, increased intensity and frequency of El Ni?o and ENSO seem associated with evidence of an observed "dipole" pattern affecting Africa and Asia, although this time series is too short so far. But the changing pattern calls for renewed efforts at adaptation to climate change, as the changing precipitation pattern will also affect the regional availability of food supply.     

Roofing as a source of nonpoint water pollution

Sixteen wooden structures with two roofs each were installed to study runoff quality for four commonly used roofing materials (wood shingle, composition shingle, painted aluminum, and galvanized iron) at Nacogdoches, Texas. Each roof, either facing NW or SE, was 1.22 m wide x 3.66 m long with a 25.8% roof slope. Thus, there were 32 alternatively arranged roofs, consisting of four roof types x two aspects x four replicates, in the study. Runoff from the roofs was collected through galvanized gutters, downspouts, and splitters. The roof runoff was compared to rainwater collected by a wet/dry acid rain collector for the concentrations of eight water quality variables, i.e. Cu(2+), Mn(2+), Pb(2+), Zn(2+), Mg(2+), Al(3+), EC and pH. Based on 31 storms collected between October 1997 and December 1998, the results showed: (1) concentrations of pH, Cu, and Zn in rainwater already exceed the EPA freshwater quality standards even without pollutant inputs from roofs, (2) Zn and Cu, the two most serious pollutants in roof runoff, exceeded the EPA national freshwater water quality standards in virtually 100% and more than 60% of the samples, respectively, (3) pH, EC, and Zn were the only three variables significantly affected by roofing materials, (4) differences in Zn concentrations were significant among all roof types and between all roof runoff and rainwater samples, (5) although there were no differences in Cu concentrations among all roof types and between roof runoff and rainwater, all means and medians of runoff and rainwater exceeded the national water quality standards, (6) water quality from wood shingles was the worst among the roof types studied, and (7) although SE is the most frequent and NW the least frequent direction for incoming storms, only EC, Mg, Mn, and Zn in wood shingle runoff from the SE were significantly higher than those from the NW; the two aspects affected no other elements in runoff from the other three roof types. Also, Zn concentrations from new wood-shingle roofs were significantly higher than those from aged roofs of a previous study. The study demonstrated that roofs could be a serious source of nonpoint water pollution. Since Zn is the most serious water pollutant and wood shingle is the worst of the four roof types, using less compounds and materials associated with Zn along with good care and maintenance of roofs are critical in reducing Zn pollution in roof runoff.     

Effect of TiO2 surface properties on the SCR activity of NOx emission abatement catalyst

NOx emission abatement catalysts V2O5 supported on various TiO2 including anatase, rutile and mixture of both were investigated with various physico-chemical measurements such as BET, NH3-TPD, NARP, XRD and so on, and the effect of TiO2 surface properties on the SCR (selective catalytic reduction) activity of V20s/TiO2 catalysts was studied. It was found that the TiO2 surface properties had strong affect on the SCR activity of V2Os/TiO2 catalysts. The stronger acidic property resulted in the higher exposure of active sites as well as the higher SCR activity.     

大气样品中阳离子的离子色谱法测定

用单往离子色谱法测定了降水、TSP、降尘中的一价和二价阳离子(水溶物),方法精密度实验的变异系数≥2.02％;改进了ZIC—ⅡA型离子色谱仪的原流路系统。     

味精废水的预处理试验研究

针对味精废水的“五高二低”问题,对其进行了高速离心分离菌体、加石灰水中和沉淀SO24-、离子交换回收谷氨酸联合处理及絮凝沉降+石灰水中和沉淀处理等方法的试验研究,得出采用上述两种联合预处理后,能大部分去除废水中的SS、NH3-N、SO24-,可以满足后续生化处理的要求。在实际应用中如何选用,需结合经济效益与处理效果进行综合分析。     

南充炼油化工总厂污水处理技改及运行综述

南充炼油化工总厂污水处理装置从2004年开始进行技术改造，于2005年8月实现了已改设施一次开车成功，各项水质指标均达到并超过设计要求。对技术改造的情况、采用的新技术新工艺做全面介绍，对装置改造后的运行效果进行分析。     

苯系物Lewis酸碱性定量及其应用

本文以正丁醚／水和环己烷／水分配系数的对数差值Ａ作为酸性指数，以氯仿／水和四氯化碳／水分配系数的对数差值Ｂ作为碱性指数来度量苯系物的Ｌｅｗｉｓ酸碱性，阐明Ａ、Ｂ两指数的物理意义，并表征其相互作用的Ｌｅｗｉｓ酸、碱间的分子作用力的大小，定量分析其与Ｋａｍｌｅｔ等人提出了溶剂化显色参数π，α，β间的关系，研究了各种分子间的对酸，碱性的相对贡献，氢键的贡献是主要的，其次是偶极作用的贡献，色散力引起的贡献     

酸性硫酸盐土的酸度类型及其测定方法

酸性硫酸盐土是一种广泛分布于沿海低地和矿区的污染源土壤，对生态环境和人类健康具有潜在或实际的负面影响。酸性硫酸盐土中各类酸度是评估酸性硫酸盐土环境风险最重要的指标。酸性硫酸盐土的酸度可分为水溶性酸度、吸持性酸度和金属硫化物起源潜在酸度等3种类型。文章根据最新的研究结果，简要地介绍酸性硫酸盐土的酸度类型及其测定方法。